Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs in the eastern part of Denmark in 2015 and 2016: Abuse patterns and trends

Objectives: The objective of this study was to examine the frequency of psychoactive drugs and alcohol in drivers under suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol in 2015 and 2016 in the eastern part of Denmark. The trends in the number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis since 2000 and alcohol analysis since 2011 are also discussed.

Methods: Blood samples from drivers suspected of being under the influence of alcohol and/or medication and/or illicit drugs in 2015 and 2016 were investigated as requested by the police. The blood samples were screened for alcohol and/or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alone, for other drugs (covering all drugs, except THC, listed in the Danish list of narcotic drugs), or for THC and other drugs. Age and gender were also recorded. The number of drug traffic cases since 2000 and the number of alcohol cases since 2011 were extracted from our Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS).

Results: In total, 11,493 traffic cases were investigated. Alcohol and/or drugs exceeded the legal limit in 9,657 (84%) cases. Men constituted 95% of the drivers investigated for drugs and 88% of the alcohol cases. The drivers investigated for drugs consisted primarily of young men, whereas drivers investigated for alcohol were older.

The frequency was higher for positive alcohol cases above the legal limit (87%) than for drug cases (76%) above the fixed concentration limit. THC (67–69%) was the most frequently detected drug above the legal limit, followed by cocaine (27–28.5%), amphetamine (17%), and clonazepam (6–7%) in both years. Morphine (5.4%), included among the 5 most frequent drugs in 2015, was replaced by methadone (4.6%) in 2016. Few new psychoactive drugs (NPS) were detected.

The number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis has increased more than 30-fold since 2000–2006, and the number of traffic cases submitted in 2016 for drug analysis was higher than the number for alcohol analysis; the latter has decreased since 2011.

Conclusion: Overall, alcohol was the most frequent compound detected above the legal limit in both years, followed by the well-known illicit drugs THC, cocaine, and amphetamine. NPS were seldom seen. One consequence of the increased focus on drugs in traffic has been an immense increase in drug traffic cases sent for analysis since 2006 in the eastern part of Denmark. Although this survey revealed only minimal changes compared to earlier investigations, surveys like this are invaluable for monitoring abuse patterns and trends in drugged and drunken driving.     

电镀行业铜、镍、锌产排污系数的核算

针对现有国家《产排污系数手册》中电镀行业重金属产排污系数的不完整问题,以深圳市电镀企业分布较多的宝安区和龙岗区为研究对象,采用全面调研和个案实测的方法,将电镀行业典型镀种铜、镍、锌划分为18组四同组合。根据调研数据计算获得了每组四同组合的产排污系数,并通过个案实测验证了产排污系数的合理性及适用性。结果表明,产排污系数法计算的产污量误差在16%以内,排污量误差在30%以内,所以产排污系数能够推广应用于电镀行业重金属污染排放量核算。     

微生物除臭剂的筛选、复配及其除臭条件的优化

为了获取作为除臭微生物制剂的候选菌株,从垃圾渗滤液中分离筛选了4株具有对NH3和H2S高效降解菌株,分别标记为CC3、CC7、CC13和CC16.通过形态、生理生化和16S r DNA序列分析,分别鉴定为乳酸片球菌(Pediococcus acidilactici)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus)、粪产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes faecalis).菌株CC7、CC13和CC16组成的复配组合除臭效率最优,其复配比例为1∶1.5∶0.5,对NH3和H2S的去除率分别为83.56%和70.25%.通过单因素实验,确定微生物除臭剂最佳除臭条件:除臭时间为60 h,菌剂使用量为5%,除臭温度为30℃,初始培养基p H值为6.5.     

基于频率管理的装备振动环境适应性提升

梳理总结了航天结构、轨道车辆和汽车等不同领域的频率设计、频率管理和模态匹配等方法,给出了频率管理的流程、准则和原则.基于频率管理的思路和原则,采用虚实结合的方法,对某火箭发动机蓄压器系统进行了结构动力学优化设计和验证.根据局部结构频率隔离准则,将蓄压器导管主要频率从1826 Hz降低到1520 Hz,与激励源频率完全隔离.最终经过仿真计算分析和试验验证,满足实际使用环境的考核要求.采用频率管理的思路和方法能够切实提高装备的振动环境适应性水平.     

基于组合赋权集对分析的空气质量评价——以长沙市为例

空气质量评价是大气环境综合治理的重要基础,合理、科学地对空气质量进行评价,才能做出精确的治理规划和制定有效的治理措施,为大气环境管理提供依据。提出一种基于组合赋权集对分析的空气质量评价方法。该方法首先采用超标倍数法和熵值法分别确定空气质量各评价指标的权重,然后根据离差平方和最小原理建立优化模型确定各评价指标最终的组合权重,并结合集对理论构建了空气质量评价模型,最后将该模型应用于长沙市,对该市2015—2019年空气质量进行了综合评价,并将其评价结果与空气质量指数法和模糊综合评价法的评价结果进行了对比,以验证模型的可靠性和可行性。结果表明:利用本文评价方法得到的评价结果与空气质量指数法得到的评价结果基本一致,准确度达到了83.33%;与模糊综合评价法相比,组合赋权集对分析法的评价结果波动性小,更加稳定。     

XGBoost-LSTM变权组合模型支持下短期PM2.5浓度预测——以上海为例

为进一步提高PM_2.5浓度预测的精度,基于XGBoost和LSTM进行改进得到变权组合模型XGBoost-LSTM（Variable）.过对预测因子进行相关性分析,得到其它大气污染物和气象因素对PM_2.5浓度的影响,确定最优PM_2.5浓度预测因子,再将预处理后数据集输入LSTM模型和XGBoost模型分别进行预测,采用基于残差改进的自适应变权组合方法得到最终预测结果.结果表明,污染物变量的相对重要性高于气象因子变量,其中当前PM_2.5和CO浓度的相对重要性较高,而平均风速和相对湿度重要性较低.XGBoost-LSTM（Variable）模型的RMSE、MAE和MAPE值为1.75、1.12和6.06,优于LSTM、XGBoost、SVR、XGBoost-LSTM（Equal）和XGBoost-LSTM（Residual）模型.分季节预测结果表明,XGBoost-LSTM（Variable）模型在春季预测精度最好,而夏季预测精度较差.模型预测精度高的原因在于其不仅考虑了数据的时间序列特征,又兼顾了数据的非线性特征.     

对某高层酒店建筑给水和消火栓系统设计的体会与思考

生活给水系统设计时,将室内外给水管网分成两套,结合实际情况从安全、经济以及维护管理等因素考虑,在地下室布置成立体双环状给水系统;生活热水采用一台容积式浮动盘管热交换器换热供给热水;从理论上论证了组合型消防栓箱在本工程中的适用性和优越性,提出可将灭火器和消火栓位置设于一处的观点供大家在设计上参考。     

室内组合家具全尺寸燃烧实验研究

以室内组合家具为研究对象,以研究组合家具与单体家具燃烧的区别和研究组合家具燃烧特征为目的,通过全尺寸燃烧实验,得到结论:组合家具燃烧不同于单体家具,其燃烧过程中,各个家具的燃烧相互影响相互促进;燃烧过程中通风口位置存在一个分界面,界面两侧温度差别较大;燃烧结束后的痕迹分析可以为火灾鉴定提供参考依据。     

复合菌剂对盆栽番茄土壤理化性质及微生物活性的影响

通过盆栽对照试验的方法,研究复合菌剂C1、C2对土壤理化性质及微生物活性的影响,结果表明：与对照相比,施用复合菌剂C1、C2能够减少土壤真菌的数量,在施菌剂早期可以增加土壤细菌的数量,对土壤放线菌影响较小;提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分的质量分数,降低土壤酸度;同时还能够显著地增强土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、纤维素酶及过氧化氢酶的活性。进一步对各处理的土壤因素进行主成分分析,结果显示PC1为土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾,PC2为土壤矿化氮、脲酶、纤维素酶。综合评价土壤质量,复合菌剂C2在各处理中综合得分最大。     

最优组合预测模型在城市生活垃圾清运量中的应用

为了比较客观地反映我国城市生活垃圾清运量的发展趋势,在灰色预测、后退法回归和多元回归三种预测方法的基础上提出了我国城市生活垃圾产生量的线性及非线性的最优组合预测模型。文章以我国1998～2006年的城市生活垃圾清运量为基础,通过实例对模型精度进行了分析,结果表明,预测值与实际结果具有良好的一致性,模拟精度达到0.1%,在此基础上对中国城市生活垃圾未来近几年的变化趋势做出预测。